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Grand Secretariat
The Grand Secretariat () was nominally a coordinating agency but ''de facto'' the highest institution in the imperial government of the Chinese Ming dynasty. It first took shape after the Hongwu Emperor abolished the office of Chancellor (of the Central Secretariat) in 1380 and gradually evolved into an effective coordinating organ superimposed on the Six Ministries.〔Hucker, 23.〕 There were altogether six Grand Secretaries (), though the posts were not always filled.〔Hucker, 29.〕 The most senior one was popularly called Senior Grand Secretary (, ''shǒufǔ''). The Grand Secretaries were nominally mid-level officials, ranked much lower than the Ministers, heads of the Ministries. However, since they screened documents submitted to the emperor from all governmental agencies, and had the power of drafting suggested rescripts for the emperor, generally known as ''piàonǐ'' () or ''tiáozhǐ'' (), some senior Grand Secretaries were able to dominate the whole government, acting as ''de facto'' Chancellor.〔Qian, 675.〕
== Evolution ==
At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, the administration adopted the Yuan dynasty's model of having only one department, the Secretariat, superimposed on the Six Ministries. The Secretariat was led by two Chancellors, differentiated as being "of the left" (senior) and "of the right" (junior), who were the head of the whole officialdom in the empire.〔Hucker, 27.〕 the Hongwu Emperor was concerned that such a concentration of power in the office of Chancellors would become a serious threat to the throne. In 1380, Chancellor Hu Weiyong was executed upon accusations of treason. After that, the Hongwu Emperor eradicated the Secretariat and the posts of Chancellor; Ministers of the Six Ministries directly reported to the emperor himself.〔Qian, 669-670.〕
The burden of the administrative details made it imperative for the emperor to seek secretarial assistance. In 1382, the Hongwu Emperor drew from the Hanlin Academy, an institution that provided literary and scholarly services to the court, several ''Grand Secretaries'' to process his administrative paperwork.〔 These Grand Secretaries were assigned for duty to designated buildings within the imperial palace, and they were collectively known as the ''Grand Secretariat'' since the reign of the Yongle Emperor.〔Qian, 671.〕
The Grand Secretariat gradually had more effective power since the Xuande Emperor's time. During his reign, all memorials from the Ministries to the emperor had to go through the Grand Secretariat. Upon receiving a memorial, the Grand Secretaries first scrutinized it and then decided upon a proper response. The rescript was then pasted to the face of the memorial and submitted with it to the emperor. Through this process known as ''piaoyi'', the Grand Secretariat became ''de facto'' the highest policy-formulation institution above the Six Ministries, and the senior Grand Secretaries had power comparable to the Chancellor of old.〔Li, 108-109.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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